Trade Secrets

The 'Same Nucleus of Facts': K.C. Multimedia v. Bank of America and the Birth of CUTSA Supersession

California's first published decision squarely addressing trade-secret supersession held that the Uniform Trade Secrets Act displaces common-law tort claims resting on the same factual nucleus as the misappropriation theory.

March 17, 2025
Rows of server racks in an enterprise data center
A dispute over banking software became California's foundational statement on when the Uniform Trade Secrets Act displaces parallel tort claims. Shutterstock
Educational content, not legal advice. This article explains general legal concepts. It does not create an attorney–client relationship. For your specific situation, consult a licensed attorney.

In K.C. Multimedia, Inc. v. Bank of America Technology & Operations, Inc., No. H030494 (Cal. Ct. App., 6th Dist., Mar. 3, 2009), the California Court of Appeal (McAdams, J.) confronted a question that the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, as enacted in California, had left conspicuously unresolved for two decades: when a plaintiff dresses the same underlying conduct in several common-law costumes—breach of confidence, interference with contract, unfair competition—does the trade-secret statute permit those parallel claims to proceed, or does it absorb them? The Sixth District answered with what has since become the governing California formulation. The California Uniform Trade Secrets Act (CUTSA), codified at Civil Code section 3426 et seq., supersedes common-law tort claims that are “based on the same nucleus of facts as the misappropriation of trade secrets claim for relief.” It was, by the court’s own description, the first published California appellate decision to address the issue head-on, and it has anchored the doctrine ever since.

At a glance

K.C. Multimedia (KCM) was a software developer that licensed a multimedia messaging product to Bank of America’s technology and operations subsidiary (BATO). When the relationship soured and a KCM engineer, Allen Tam, moved to the bank, KCM sued, alleging that BATO had used the engineer to acquire and exploit KCM’s proprietary source code. The complaint pleaded trade-secret misappropriation alongside a cluster of common-law theories: breach of confidence, intentional interference with contract, and statutory unfair competition under Business and Professions Code section 17200.

The trial court dismissed the three common-law tort claims as superseded by CUTSA and allowed the breach-of-contract and trade-secret claims to proceed to a jury, which returned a defense verdict. On appeal, KCM challenged the supersession ruling. The Sixth District affirmed. Reading Civil Code section 3426.7—the provision that defines CUTSA’s relationship to other law—the court held that the statute implicitly displaces alternative civil remedies premised on trade-secret misappropriation, even though it expressly preserves contractual remedies and criminal liability. The dispositive test was factual, not nominal: a claim survives only if it rests on facts distinct from those supporting the misappropriation theory.

What the statute does and does not save

The structural move in K.C. Multimedia begins with the text of section 3426.7. Subdivision (a) preserves contractual remedies “whether or not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret.” Subdivision (b) then provides that the Act “does not affect” (1) contractual remedies, (2) “other civil remedies that are not based upon misappropriation of a trade secret,” and (3) criminal remedies. The negative implication is the engine of the doctrine. By expressly preserving civil remedies that are not based upon misappropriation, the Legislature signaled that civil remedies that are so based do not survive. The court read the carve-out as a deliberate boundary rather than a redundancy, and it declined to treat the statute as a mere floor on top of which plaintiffs could stack duplicative common-law theories.

This is the interpretive choice that makes the case important. California’s CUTSA does not contain an express, freestanding preemption clause of the kind some practitioners assume. The displacement is inferred from the structure of section 3426.7(b), and K.C. Multimedia is the decision that performed that inference for the state’s courts. The court aligned itself with a body of federal decisions applying California law that had already reached the same conclusion, importing the “same nucleus of facts” phrasing that the federal courts had been using to police duplicative pleading.

”Largely factual” and the conduct-not-labels rule

The most enduring contribution of the opinion is methodological. The court held that whether a claim is displaced “is largely factual,” to be resolved by examining “the conduct at issue” rather than the legal labels a plaintiff selects. A plaintiff cannot escape supersession simply by renaming a misappropriation claim as a breach of confidence or an unfair-competition claim; conversely, a claim genuinely built on different conduct is not displaced merely because it shares a defendant and a general commercial backdrop with the trade-secret theory.

Applied to KCM’s complaint, the analysis disposed of each tort claim in turn. The breach-of-confidence count “expressly alleged the disclosure of trade secrets”—it was a misappropriation claim by another name. The interference-with-contract count alleged that BATO had disrupted KCM’s relationship with Tam precisely by encouraging him to misappropriate KCM’s trade secrets and convey them to the bank; the wrongful means at the heart of the interference theory was the misappropriation itself. And the unfair-competition count expressly incorporated the “misappropriation of trade secrets” as its predicate unlawful act. Each claim, stripped of its label, depended on the same operative fact—the taking and use of KCM’s confidential source code. Each was therefore superseded.

The “conduct at issue” framing matters because it cuts both ways and explains why later California courts have permitted some claims to survive. The test is not whether the claims overlap, but whether the non-CUTSA theory has an independent factual foundation. K.C. Multimedia supplied the rule; subsequent decisions, including Silvaco and Angelica Textile, mapped its edges.

Open questions

The opinion left several questions that have occupied California courts and the federal courts applying California law ever since. First, it did not decide whether CUTSA displaces claims premised on the misuse of confidential information that does not rise to the level of a trade secret—the so-called “non-trade-secret information” problem that Silvaco would later address and that continues to divide federal judges. Second, the decision did not catalog which independent facts suffice to rescue a claim, leaving the line between “same nucleus” and “distinct nucleus” to case-by-case development. Third, because the breach-of-contract claim was preserved by the statute’s express carve-out, the court had no occasion to explore how far the contractual-remedies exception reaches when a contract claim is itself pleaded around the taking of secrets. The supersession doctrine’s reach into adjacent torts—conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, interference with prospective economic advantage—was named but not exhausted.

Implications

  • Plead the independent facts, not the independent label. A common-law claim that merely re-describes the taking of a trade secret will be dismissed; survival depends on conduct that would be wrongful even if no trade secret existed.
  • Section 3426.7(b) is the operative text. California displacement flows from the statute’s structure—its express preservation of non-misappropriation civil remedies—not from any explicit preemption clause. Brief the negative implication directly.
  • Contract claims occupy a safe harbor. Because subdivision (a) preserves contractual remedies, a well-drafted confidentiality or assignment agreement gives a plaintiff a claim that supersession cannot reach.
  • Displacement is a pleading-and-summary-judgment battleground. Because the inquiry is “largely factual,” defendants should raise supersession early, and plaintiffs should segregate the factual basis of each count to preserve it.
  • The decision binds beyond software. Though it arose from a banking-software dispute, the rule applies to every CUTSA claim in California and has been cited across industries.

Frequently asked questions

Does CUTSA “preempt” common-law claims in the constitutional sense? No. Courts often use “preemption,” but the more precise term is statutory displacement or supersession. There is no federal-state conflict; rather, the California Legislature chose to make CUTSA the exclusive civil remedy for conduct amounting to trade-secret misappropriation, and section 3426.7(b) supplies that exclusivity by negative implication.

Can a plaintiff plead trade-secret misappropriation and a tort claim in the alternative? Yes, but the tort claim survives only to the extent it rests on facts distinct from the misappropriation. A claim that depends entirely on the same taking-and-use conduct will be displaced, regardless of how it is captioned.

What about claims based on confidential information that is not a trade secret? K.C. Multimedia did not resolve this. The question—whether CUTSA displaces claims over information that fails the trade-secret definition—was later confronted in Silvaco and remains contested among federal courts applying California law.

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